How A Software Actually Works On A Hardware

Posted by Tushar Bedekar
Hi,Today We are going to discuss a new topic which may be very old but important one, also a big question in front of  us.

What is a Program me?

As we all know that a program me is a group of instruction which is needed to be executed by the machine like a computer to perform a certain task.but the biggest question is that how these group instruction are executed on the hardware to perform a assigned task.Basically these instructions which are being executed are itself a group of micro instruction an microcode.which are executed on any machine to execute a one particular instruction. now,

what is programming?

 Actually the programming is nothing but Def:- provide (a computer or other machine) with coded instructions for the automatic performance of a task.But This definition does not gives the full idea about what actually the programming is? and also it does not gives the idea about how the software runs on the hardware.   

As we all have listened about PLA`s(programmable array logic), PAL`s (programmable logical array) and also about FPLA (field programmable logical array).Basically these are the logical devices consisting of arrays of AND & OR gates and also other different supporting devices.These devices may be Hardwired or may be re-programmable.

How To program me these devices?  

Basically devices consist of programmable AND & OR gates.That these arrays consist of fussing and re fussing technology.These fuses may be burned and or lay intact as per the requirement.This fussing can be done generally by supplying a sufficient amount of current through the fuse. 


Types of fuses:- 

  • Metallic Fuses.
  • Diode/Transistors fuses
  • Silicon Fuses.Etc
So by fussing the different fuses the programming can be done.


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What is BootStrap

Posted by Tushar Bedekar

Definition - What does Bootstrap mean?

A bootstrap is the process of starting up a computer. It also refers to the program that initializes the operating system (OS) during start-up.

The term bootstrap or bootstrapping originated in the early 1950s. It referred to a bootstrap load button that was used to initiate a hardwired bootstrap program, or smaller program that executed a larger program such as the OS. The term was said to be derived from the expression “pulling yourself up by your own bootstraps;” starting small and loading programs one at a time while each program is “laced” or connected to the next program to be executed in sequence.
OR
Bootstrap is the process of loading a set of instructions when a computer is first turned on or booted. During the start-up process, diagnostic tests are performed, such as the power-on self-test (POST), that set or check configurations for devices and implement routine testing for the connection of peripherals, hardware and external memory devices. The boot loader or bootstrap program is then loaded to initialize the OS.

Typical programs that load the OS are:

  • GNU grand unified boot loader (GRUB): A multiple boot specification that allows the user to choose one of several OSs

  • NT loader (NTLDR): A bootloader for Microsoft’s Windows NT OS that usually runs from the hard drive

  • Linux loader (LILO): A bootloader for Linux that generally runs
    from a hard drive or floppy disc

  • Network interface controller (NIC): Uses a boot loader that supports booting from a network interface such as Ether boot or pre-boot execution environment (PXE)
Prior to bootstrap a computer is said to start with a blank main memory and an intact magnetic core memory or kernel. The bootstrap allows the sequence of programs to load in order to initiate the OS. The OS is the main program that manages all programs that run on a computer and performs tasks such as controlling peripheral devices like a disc drive, managing directories and files, transmitting output signals to a monitor and identifying input signals from a keyboard. 

Bootstrap can also refer to as preparing early programming environments incrementally to create more complex and user-friendly programming environments. For example, at one time the programming environment might have consisted of an assembler program and a simple text editor. Over time, gradual improvements have led to today's sophisticated object-oriented programming languages and graphical integrated development environments (IDEs).

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What is the Diffeence Between Execution & Processing

Posted by Tushar Bedekar

What is Processing:-

In computing, a process is an instance of a computer program that is being executed. It contains the program code and its current activity. Depending on the operating system (OS), a process may be made up of multiple threads of execution that execute instructions concurrently
A computer program is a passive collection of instructions; a process is the actual execution of those instructions. Several processes may be associated with the same program; for example, opening up several instances of the same program often means more than one process is being executed.
Multitasking is a method to allow multiple processes to share processors (CPUs) and other system resources. Each CPU executes a single task at a time. However, multitasking allows each processor to switch between tasks that are being executed without having to wait for each task to finish. Depending on the operating system implementation, switches could be performed when tasks perform input/output operations, when a task indicates that it can be switched, or on hardware interrupts.
A common form of multitasking is time-sharing. Time-sharing is a method to allow fast response for interactive user applications. In time-sharing systems, context switches are performed rapidly. This makes it seem like multiple processes are being executed simultaneously on the same processor. The execution of multiple processes seemingly simultaneously is called concurrency.
For security and reliability reasons most modern operating systems prevent direct communication between independent processes, providing strictly mediated and controlled inter-process communication functionality.

What is Execution:- 

The dictionary meaning of the execution is carrying out of a plan, order, or course of action 
or in other words it is an act of doing or performing something.

Examples:-




  1. He is in prison awaiting execution.
  2. The quarterback's execution of the play was perfect.
  3. skillful execution of the dance steps
  4. Execution of sequential instruction of the program me.  

Sources:-

Wikipedia

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What is Bandwidth ?

Posted by Tushar Bedekar
This is most confusing topic for most of the electronics engineers today.But it is a most important topic because it is one basic topic for the communication engineering.so i find this topic to write first while writing my first topic on electronics engineering.


Introduction:-

According to me following are the different definition of the bandwidth:-

  •  The range of the frequencies that can be passed without any attenuation through any communication devices.
  • The portion of electromagnetic spectrum that is being occupied by the signal.
  • Signal is a physical quantity which consist of some information and which is the function of one or more independent variables.
  • Bandwidth as Difference between upper and lower limit of the signal.
  • let F1=50 Hz  & F2=80 Hz Band width =30 Hz (F2-F1)
But as per the above definition`s about the bandwidth it does not give that much of information that we require to understand the topic in detail.

More Info:-

  • The Internet consists of tens of millions of computers throughout the world, all connected by cables. Your ISP (Internet Service Provider) is a company that has a very high-speed (and very expensive) connection to the Internet. Your ISP makes its money by renting little "chunks" of that high-speed connection to consumers who don't want to spend thousands of dollars each month for an Internet connection.
    If you've ever wondered why it takes so long to download certain Web pages or other files to your computer, it's all determined by the bandwidth of the connection between your computer and your Internet Service Provider. Which is to say, it all hinges on that wire connecting your computer to your modem to your ISP. That connection is often referred to as the last mile, as illustrated in Figure 1.
    When you open a Web page or download a file, it travels very quickly from wherever it happens to be on the planet Earth to your ISP. It then travels from the ISP's computers to your computer. The actual speed at which information moves through a wire is always the same, no matter what your bandwidth might be. That is, electrons run through the wires at close to the speed of light, about  670,000,000 MPH (six hundred and seventy million miles per hour). At that speed, you could circle the globe 7 times a second, or 420 times a minute. So why does it take so long for every Web page you visit to appear on your screen? That's where bandwidth comes in.
    Bandwidth is easy to understand if we use an analogy from everyday life. Imagine that instead of trying to get a Web page or file from your ISP through wires, you're trying to drain a swimming pool. The water in the pool is the Web page or file. If you stick a skinny hose to drain the water from the pool, as in Figure 2, it will take quite a while to drain all the water.
    Figure 1
    Now let's say that instead of sticking a skinny pipe onto the pool we put on a big fat pipe, as in Figure 3. I don’t think it takes a physics major to realize that it’s going to take less time to drain the pool in Figure 3 than it is to drain the pool in Figure 2.

    Figure 2
    We can say that the fat drain pipe in Figure 3 is "wider" than the pipe in Figure 2. Or, we could take it another step and say that the fat pipe in Figure 3 has more bandwidth than the skinny pipe. And ultimately, that's what bandwidth is all about. How much stuff can pass through the pipe (or wire) at a time.
    Dial-up Internet accounts, which use a standard telephone line to connect to an ISP, have a very narrow bandwidth (about 50 Kbps or 50,000 bits per second). Thus, things are slow in the sense that it takes a long time to download things.
    broadband Internet account can move data at anywhere from 128 Kbps to 2,000 Kbps or more. That's like the fat drain pipe. It takes a lot less time to get a Web page or file from your ISP's computer to your computer using the broadband account than it does the dial-up account.
    So the whole bandwidth thing (like many things "computerish") boils down to a time vs. money decision. You can either spend the extra amount per month for a faster connection, and spend less time waiting for things to download. Or, you spend less money on a dial-up account, but spend more time waiting for things to appear on your screen.
  • Also Refer:-




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WiFi Cameras:Focus, shoot and share

Posted by Tushar Bedekar
For the socially connected people, who like clicking and sharing their moments, the WiFi enabled camera is a device to have. Being social and being connected is the need of the hour.

WiFi camera has a built in WiFi connectivity and can shoot and share pictures and videos simultaneously.so all you need is the WiFi enabled camera.


Why WiFi camera and not a smart phone? 

A few years ago you had to use a film roll that you had to drop off at a processing lab.which involves a lot of time in processing and sharing the photos with the others. so WiFi enable camera is the best option.  well you might be thinking a  why not to use a smartphone instead of buying a WiFi enabled  camera as you can carry your smart phone with you all the time.
                                 now if you are the serious photographer who does not want to compromise with the quality of the photograph  and also does want to share a single moment to share those photos with the others through the application such as Facebook, flicker, whats app and twitter etc.so WiFi enabled camera is the best choice for those people.

Turn any camera into WiFi camera:- 

WiFi enabled point and shoot cameras  retail at a higher price but if you want to save few bucks, WiFi enable SD card called eye-Fi may be useful to you. These SD card have the WiFi enabled antenna that can transform any camera into a WiFi enable camera  since it is just work around  technology,do not expect the high end features  of WiFi camera coming in. 

Setting your own WiFi camera:- 

once you have a WiFi enabled camera in your possession you just nee t set up its basic features that allow the photographs to be uploaded directly to computer  or a web service. 

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